Logic

Explore fundamental principles of reasoning, argumentation, and logic, mastering deductive and inductive techniques, syllogisms, fallacies, and quantification to sharpen critical thinking skills.

Logic

1 Nature and Scope of Logic

  1. Various Definitions of Logic
  2. Two Types of Logic: Formal and Material
  3. Logic: Science or Art?
  4. Logic: Positive Science or Normative Science?
  5. Logic and Other Disciplines

2 Concept and Term

  1. Concept Word and Terms
  2. Terms as a Name of Class
  3. Extension and Intension
  4. Inverse Variation
  5. Classification of Terms

3 Definition and Division

  1. Nature of Definition
  2. Rules of Definition and Fallacies
  3. Limits of Definition
  4. On Division
  5. Rules of Logical Division
  6. Division by Dichotomy

4 Propositions

  1. History of Logic and Proposition
  2. Propositions and Sentences
  3. Propositions and Judgments
  4. Types of Proposition
  5. Quality and Quantity

5 Meaning and Kinds of Reasoning

  1. Meaning of Reasoning and Inference
  2. Objections against Reasoning and Inference
  3. Kinds of Reasoning
  4. Arguments against Deduction and Induction
  5. Kinds of Generalization

6 Deductive Reasoning

  1. Deductive Arguments: Truth-Conditions of Relations
  2. Opposition of Relations
  3. Categorical Proposition and Distribution of Terms
  4. Diagrammatic Presentation of Distribution
  5. Equivalence Relation
  6. Criticisms

7 The Dilemma and Fallacies

  1. The Structure and Value
  2. Kinds of Dilemma
  3. Avoiding Dilemma
  4. Fallacies
  5. Formal Fallacies
  6. Informal Fallacies
  7. Fallacies Due to Ambiguity
  8. Inductive Fallacy

8 Induction

  1. Kant’s Problem
  2. Hume’s Attack on Science vis-a-vis Induction
  3. In Defense of Induction
  4. Against Induction
  5. Function of Falsification

9 History and Utility of Symbolic Logic

  1. History and Utility of Symbolic Logic
  2. The Rise of Symbolic Logic
  3. The Age of Principia Mathematica (PM)

10 Compound Statements and their Truth-Values

  1. Simple and Compound Statements
  2. Sentential Connectives
  3. Compound Propositions and Their Truth-Values
  4. Other Forms of Compound Proposition

11 Syllogism

  1. The Structure of Categorical Syllogism
  2. Axioms of Syllogism
  3. Figures and Moods
  4. Fallacies of Categorical Syllogism
  5. Reduction of Arguments
  6. Antilogism or Inconsistent Triad
  7. Venn Diagram Technique

12 Truth – Functional Forms

  1. Implication and Its Equivalent Forms
  2. Disjunction and Its Equivalent Forms
  3. Negation and Its Equivalent Forms
  4. Conjunction and Bicondition
  5. Form of Contradiction
  6. The Stroke Function
  7. The Dagger Function

13 Formal Proof of Validity – Rules of Inference

  1. Formal Proof of Validity – Meaning
  2. Rules of Inference
  3. Testing the Validity of Arguments
  4. Testing the Validity of Arguments (Verbal)

14 Formal Proof of Validity – Rules of Replacement

  1. Formal Proof of Validity: Rules of Replacement
  2. Testing the Validity of Arguments (The Rules of Replacement)
  3. The Rules of Inference and Replacement
  4. Test of Arguments in Verbal Form

15 Conditional Proof and Indirect Proof

  1. Conditional Proof
  2. Indirect Proof
  3. The Strengthened Rule of Conditional Proof
  4. Proving Invalidity

16 Quantification

  1. Quantification: its Meaning
  2. Logical Relations Involving Quantifiers
  3. Quantification Rules
  4. Testing the Validity of Syllogism
  5. Multiply General Propositions
  6. The Strengthened Rule of C.P. And Quantification
  7. Proving Invalidity
  8. Non-syllogism